The article concludes with a brief insight into future directions in indoor positioning and navigation systems. Various evaluation criteria for indoor navigation systems are proposed in this work. Moreover, this article investigates and contrasts the different navigation systems in each category.
Set up radbeacon Bluetooth#
Navigation and positioning systems that utilize pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) methods and various communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) visible light, Bluetooth and ultra-wide band (UWB), are detailed as well. In particular, the paper reviews different computer vision-based indoor navigation and positioning systems along with indoor scene recognition methods that can aid the indoor navigation. This article provides a comprehensive summary of evolution in indoor navigation and indoor positioning technologies. Radio frequency (RF) signals, computer vision, and sensor-based solutions are more suitable for tracking the users in indoor environments. In indoor environments, lack of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals and line of sight with orbiting satellites makes navigation more challenging compared to outdoor environments. Current technological advancements enable users to encapsulate these systems in handheld devices, which effectively increases the popularity of navigation systems and the number of users. Navigation systems help users access unfamiliar environments. All of these techniques present a number of issues, including low precision, high computational complexity, and unreliability due to wireless channel impairments such as multipath effects caused by non line of sight (NLOS) propagation in indoor environments, while most positioning devices lack sufficient computing power. Yet in the literature, in addition to the range-free techniques such as Centroid method and distance vector hop (DV-Hop) technique, typical ranging techniques based on channel state information (CSI), angle of arrival (AoA), time of arrival (ToA), time difference of arrival (TDoA), and radio signal strength indicator (RSSI) using various wireless technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID), ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB), WiFi, and Bluetooth have been proposed for indoor positioning. All these transformational applications drive the need for accurate localization systems which require lots of resources due to the massive deployment of IoT devices.
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